Microbiota can directly and indirectly affect how medications are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME). 1 Drugs, on the other hand, can alter the gut microbiota's structure and functioning, altering microbial metabolism and immune response. To properly adopt precision medicine, which aims to create customized medical treatments based on a person's genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, it is essential to develop improved biomarkers that can foretell therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. ##Gut microbiota and individual variability in drug response (IVDR)## Individual variability in drug response (IVDR) may lead to adverse drug reactions (ADRs), causing health and economic burdens.
Genetic diversity justifies only a limited section of IVDR. Recent research has emphasized the role of gut microbiota in modulating the therapeutic outcomes of human diseases. 2 IVDR…
