Stone disease has plagued humanity since ancient times. Such patients are everywhere in world and in India, north state where dry air and hot climate it's incidence and prevalence is alarming, every alternate patient have either renal, ureter, urethral or bladder pain with or without blood in urine with infection leading to fever, if not treated may damage kidney or even treated recurrence is high. High morbidity cost the person individually and nationally.Kidney stones have been identified in Egyptian mummies.
The Hippocratic oath describes their treatment: “I will not use the knife, not even verily, on sufferers from stone, but I will give place to such as are craftsmen therein.” Who gets kidney stones and why? The lifetime risk of kidney stones among adults in the US is approximately 9%, and it appears that global warming may be increasing that risk. (As the climate warms, human…
