Anesthesia can impair immunological defense mechanisms while inducing an inflammatory reaction. Some anesthetics like propofol, exhibit the antioxidant properties that have been demonstrated in studies.

Similarly, other anesthesia like ketamine and isoflurane show antioxidant and protective role but this mechanism is related to their ability to induce oxidant enzyme. Which antioxidant is used to preserve epinephrine in a local anesthetic solution?