There are some samples of ‘health tips’ we read very frequently in newspapers. The question is “why one should believe and up to what extent one should believe in this?” For example, “If you like spicy food, you will live longer”, “apply a mixture of castor oil and coconut oil on your eyelashes. Do it every night and you can see them grow over a period of time”, “dark chocolate with 70% or higher cocoa content makes you more intelligent". Unlike reading books and long magazine articles (which require thinking), nowadays peoples like to go through limitless quantities of health news flashes. Contradictory statements: Peoples find such articles contradictory.

One week a study says one thing. The next week another study says the opposite. The biggest weakness with observational studies is that they find only associations, they can’t prove cause and effect. For example, On some day news…