Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically inherited motile cilia malfunction with an approximate worldwide prevalence of 1:10,000. The genes implicated in the pathogenesis of PCD also cause sperm malformation and motility defects, thus, resulting in male infertility. The current diagnostics of PCD include a series of tests, including nasal nitric oxide test, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-speed video microscopy analysis (HSVMA), and immunofluorescence.
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