Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to escalate globally, yet rational antibiotic prescribing remains one of the most complex challenges in day-to-day clinical practice. Physicians frequently face diagnostic uncertainty, especially in primary care and emergency settings, where distinguishing viral from bacterial infections is not always straightforward. Patient expectations, time constraints, and fear of missing a serious infection often influence prescribing decisions, sometimes leading to unnecessary or broad-spectrum antibiotic use.
In many regions, easy over-the-counter access, incomplete treatment courses, and lack of rapid diagnostic tools further complicate stewardship efforts. Respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and febrile illnesses are common scenarios where antibiotics are either overused or inappropriately escalated. In high-burden countries like…
