Hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus are common comorbidities. Hypertension is twice more prevalent in patients with diabetes than in those without diabetes. Also, patients with hypertension are often insulin resistant and are more susceptible to diabetes than healthy individuals. The major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes is cardiovascular disease, which is further worsened by hypertension.
Moreover, diabetes and hypertension share similar risk factors, such as endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, arterial remodeling, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, and obesity. There is also significant overlap in the cardiovascular complications of diabetes and hypertension, related primarily to microvascular and macrovascular disease. Also, upregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxidative stress, inflammation, and activation of the immune system are…
