Cardiometabolic risk in type 2 diabetes ( T2DM ) is increasingly linked to alterations in gut microbiota, according to a comprehensive systematic review. Evidence from randomized controlled trials highlights that interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, high-fiber diets, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can improve glycemic control, lipid profiles, and inflammatory markers in individuals with or at risk for T2DM. Notably, probiotic yogurt reduced LDL cholesterol, while high-fiber diets lowered fasting glucose and HbA1c, improved lipid parameters, and increased beneficial short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria.
Mediterranean and Green-Mediterranean diets showed anti-inflammatory and metabolic benefits. Modulation of SCFA and bile acid metabolism emerged as novel targets for therapy. While methodological variability limits some evidence, the results support the…
