Biomedical science is undergoing a reappraisal of its scientific advancement process and of the related healthcare management. Progress in medicine should combine improvements of knowledge, efficacy, and safety of diagnostic/therapeutic procedures, with adequate cost-effectivenessprofiles. This narrative review is aimed at assessing in medicine, more specifically in phlebology and lymphology: scientific literature possible biases, the level of evidence, comprehensiveness, and cost-effectivenessof the main therapeutic options, and the possible contribution of integrative and translational medicine.
Current medical research may have cognitive biases, or industry-tiedinfluences, which impacts clinical practice. Some reductionism, with increasing use of drugs and technology, often neglecting the understanding and care of the root causative pathways of the diseases, is affecting biomedical science as…
