Children with neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders may experience a broader range of health challenges, but their risk of pediatric eye disease has not been fully characterized. Understanding this association may help inform appropriate vision screening and clinical awareness. This study evaluated the association of neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders with amblyopia, myopia, strabismus, and strabismus surgery rates in children in the United States.

The analysis included children aged 18 years or younger diagnosed between 2013 and 2025 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, learning disorders, conduct disorder, or oppositional defiant disorder. The primary analysis included 1,429,440 children with neurodevelopmental or behavioral disorders and 3,522,241 controls, yielding 1,156,503 matched pairs. Children with these disorders had increased…