surgical emphysema is a collection of air beneath the skin,on palpation its feels like crackling deep to the skin,its present in chest wall,neck,armpit and on face,usually its prove benign. air subcutaneously comes either from internal or external source,in case of internal source followings are (only surgical cause included) 1. rib fracture with pneumothorax 27% belongs to this categery. 2.
facial bone fractures either blunt injuries or during dental produres like rct where air driven drill is used 3. rupture of bronchial tree or injury to trachea like tracheostomy 4. rupture of esophagus (boeraeve syndrome) or during gastroscopy causes for external source of air are following 1.gunshot injury to chest 2.stabbing in chest or other penetrating wounds 3 injury during or after pneumanectomy 4endotacheal intubation 5. iatrogenic central venous insertion,bronchoscopy or wnen on ventilators…
