UTIs are highly prevalent, especially in women, with early diagnosis critical to combat antimicrobial resistance and reduce the socio-economic burden. 1 E coli constitutes the majority of cases in UTI and is the predominant pathogen, aggravating UTI symptoms and complicating treatment outcomes. 2 Traditionally, antibiotics have been the cornerstone of treatment and prevention for uncomplicated rUTIs. However, their use has led to growing challenges, including antibiotic resistance, allergic reactions, and the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains, limiting treatment options.
3 In response to these challenges, recent years have seen an increased interest in evaluating non-antibiotic alternatives for managing and preventing UTIs. This includes herbal remedies, probiotics, immunomodulatory therapies, and other innovative approaches. Such frameworks would not only improve clinical…
