Introduction: In recent past, the lifespan of a human being has increased significantly. Hence, the prevalence of aging-related metabolic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, etc.) increased too. Patients with diabetes may have abnormalities in immune function and presumed increased morbidity and mortality from infection.
Epidemiological studies support the fact that patients with diabetes (in particular those with end organ complications of cardiac and renal disease) are at high risk for complications, hospitalization, and death from influenza and pneumococcal disease. There is sufficient evidence that people with diabetes generally have appropriate humoral immune responses to vaccination. Subgroup analysis of patients with diabetes reported in clinical narrative and case-control studies support the fact that vaccination against influenza has been effective…
