Despite several advances in diagnostic techniques, antimicrobial chemotherapy, and surgical facilities, Infective endocarditis (IE) remains to be evolving as an elusive and fatal disease without proper recognition and early treatment. Early surgical interventions positively alter the disease course and reduce the morbidity and mortality rate. However, there is no prospective randomized controlled trial data available to determine the indications of surgery, it is mostly based on the expert recommendation.
The incidence of endocarditis is approximately 5 to 7.9 cases per 100,000 persons per year in the United States and has been stable over time. Risk factors for infectious endocarditis include hemodialysis (7.9%), intravenous drug use (9.8%), degenerative valvular disease (mitral regurgitation in 43.4%; aortic regurgitation in 26.3 %), and rheumatic heart disease (3.3%). The mainstay of…
