Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) are at increased risk for reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and impaired bone accrual, potentially leading to increased fracture risk later in life. Factors contributing to this include insulin deficiency, chronic hyperglycemia, inflammatory cytokines, and reduced levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).
While milk-based and pharmacological calcium supplementation may support better bone health in children with T1DM, individualized assessment of dietary intake, vitamin D status, and bone health is essential. Clinical guidance favors natural dietary sources first, with supplements as needed.
