. Uremic encephalopathy (UE) is a cerebral dysfunction caused by the accumulation of uremic toxins produced during acute or chronic kidney diseases (CKD). It occurs in patients with renal failure and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 15 mL/min. More than 130 uremic toxins have been identified so far. UE leads to, loss of memory, delusions, impaired concentration fatigue, depression, psychosis, seizures, insomnia, and coma.
The diagnosis of UE is difficult due to many confounding and overlapping conditions seen in patients with CKD and therefore, its diagnosis mainly involves the exclusion of related conditions. CT scan and MRI can be used to exclude other causes of encephalopathy. MRI can detect abnormalities in subcortical white matter, cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia in patients with UE. Laboratory analysis of blood urea nitrogen, complete blood count, serum…
