Kidney cancer affects over 3 million people worldwide every year, and it is the 12th most common type of cancer. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) - like other cancers - accumulate mutations over a lifetime and is mostly diagnosed at the age of 55 years.

There are various kinds of renal cell carcinoma, with unique presentations and management strategies. Currently, the major treatment options for RCC include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.