The American Heart Association (AHA) has recently defined the pathophysiological interactions among obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) as cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome . Instead of approaching these conditions as separate entities, AHA recommends approaching them as a broader construct of CKM syndrome to achieve better clinical outcomes. To achieve this, AHA has also released an advisory on staging, screening risk factors, predicting outcomes, and preventing and managing CKM syndrome.
This article summarizes the AHA-issued advisory, including staging, screening, and algorithm for managing CKM syndrome. Stages of the CKM Syndrome Stage 0: No risk factors for CKM syndrome Individuals without signs of CKD or subclinical or clinical CVD and with normal BMI and waist circumference, normoglycemia, normotension, and a normal…
