Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) originates from the renal epithelium of the kidney and accounts for more than 90% of kidney cancers. RCC comprises more than ten histological and molecular subtypes, of which metastatic cell RCC is rare and accounts for most cancer-related deaths. Introduction Although somatic Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) mutations are well-studied, recent cancer genomics studies have identified mutations and alterations in epigenetic regulatory genes and demonstrated marked intratumor heterogeneity.
This can have prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic relevance and can make the treatment and management of renal carcinomas very tedious and time-consuming. Although localized RCCs can be successfully managed with surgical interventions, the treatment of metastatic RCC is contradictory to conventional chemotherapy, which includes careful considerations of the location and spread of…
