For more than three decades, HIV/AIDS has remained one of the world's most significant public health challenges. Yet, a landmark report from the advocacy organization ONE suggested that the global response had reached a historic "tipping point"—the moment when more people were being added to life-saving HIV treatment than were becoming newly infected with the virus. According to the report, 2.3 million people worldwide were newly enrolled in HIV treatment in 2013, compared to 1.6 million in 2012. During the same period, new HIV infections declined from 2.2 million to 2.1 million globally.

This milestone led campaigners to describe the moment as the "beginning of the end" of the AIDS pandemic. However, experts cautioned that progress remained fragile and uneven across countries. Why Progress Remains Vulnerable The report identified three major threats to sustaining gains against…