Highlights Mixed mechanism DED is common – requires simultaneous targeting of aqueous and evaporative components. Combination lubricants with lipid supplementation are ideal first-line therapy. Lid hygiene, warm compresses, and in-office MGD therapies are essential to restore lipid layer integrity. Punctal occlusion, secretagogues, and therapeutic lenses are critical for tear conservation in aqueous deficiency.
Topical anti-inflammatories and immunomodulators optimize ocular surface health and enhance treatment outcomes. Stepwise escalation ensures appropriate treatment intensity based on disease severity. New-generation lubricants containing propylene glycol (PG) and hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) , supplemented with dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) and mineral oil, provide multimodal tear film restoration across DED subtypes. Introduction Dry eye disease (DED) is a…
