Urinary tract infections (UTIs) leads to approximately 0.7% of clinic visits and 5% to 14% emergency department (ED) visits by children annually. Children ranging between 10% to 15% with mainly one febrile UTI and pyelonephritis will ultimately progress to renal scarring. The risk of renal scarring is generally increased in presence of recurrent UTI and related urological as well as nephrological abnormalities, such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Thus, the current article focuses on the management of hospitalized pediatric patients with pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis is a form of UTI causing infection of one or both the kidneys.
This infection can be bacterial or viral. The most common cause of pyelonephritis are the bacterial pathogens. Some of them are Escherichia coli, Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing E. coli , Klebsiella oxytoca and species, Proteus species, Enterococcus…
