Highlights: Production of mature, healthy sperm is vital for male reproduction and fertility. For spermatogenesis, healthy sperm motility, and quality, proper nourishment is crucial. Human sperm requires essential micronutrients for healthy development and capacitation. Low levels of trace elements have been linked to poor sperm quality and infertility.
The burden of male infertility Infertility is the inability to conceive a child despite having regular, minimum annual sexual intercourse without resorting to contraception. An estimated 70 million couples of childbearing age have difficulty conceiving, with male infertility playing a role in over half of these cases. 1 Male infertility has a complex etiology due to the interplay between genetics, lifestyle decisions, environmental variables, and comorbidities (Figure 1). With the present trend toward planning pregnancy at later ages (40…
