Bladder cancer is most common malignancy of urinary tract with incidence 4 times higher in men than women, it's arises from uroepithelium so nonepithelial malignancy rarely seen in bladder like lymphoma and sarcoma. in 90% of cases its transitional cell carcinoma and in remaining 10% cases its squamous cell carcinoma(where schistosomiasis endemic),adenocarcinoma,small cell carcinoma and secondary deposits from elsewhere. Causes for uroepitelial malignancy are 1.tobacco smoking ..its associated in around 50%cases in active smokers 2.
chemical dye workers benzidine,nephthalmine Symptoms i. haematuria.gross or microscpic in 90% of caes ii burning and difficult micturation Diagnosis 1. cystoscopy rigid or flexible white light or traditional cystoscopy through the scope tissue is obtained for biopsy its gold standered method for most of cases but papillary and carcinoma in situ cases may be…
